।।English में अलंकार(Figure of Speech)।।
English के निम्नलिखित सात अलंकार(Figure of Speechs)महत्त्वपूर्ण माने गये हैं:
1-Simile (उपमा)
2-Metaphhor(रूपक/गुप्त उपमा)
3-Hyperbole(अतिश्योक्ति)
4-Oxymoron(विरोधाभास )
5-Personification(मानवीकरण )
6-Apostrophe(संबोधन )
7-Onomatopoeia(ध्वन्यात्मक अलंकार)
1.SIMILE(उपमा)
Definition:- In a Simile,there is a comparison between two objects of different kinds that are similar at least in one point .It is introduced by words as ; like, such...as, just...as, as…as, so…as,etc.
परिभाषा:-जब दो भिन्न-भिन्न वस्तुओं की तुलना की जाए और कम से कम एक विशेषता दोनों में पायी जाए तब उपमा अलंकार (Simile) होता है।अंग्रेजी में उपमा:- like,as,so,so….as.such....as,just...as आदि शब्दों के द्वारा प्रकट की जाती है।
Examples :-
(a) I wandered lonely as a cloud.
(b)Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream.
(c) Rana Pratap was as brave as a lion.
(d) The lake was clear as a crystal.
(e) Errors like straws, upon the surface flow.
(f) I could lie down like a tired child, and weep away the life of care.
(g)The Assyrian came down like a wolf on the field.“And like a thunderbolt he falls.”
उपर्युक्त उदाहरणों से स्पष्ट होता है कि Simile को पहचानने के लिए निम्नलिखित बातों का ध्यान रखना चाहिए-
- Simile कभी भी एक ही जाति या समुदाय के दो व्यक्तियों या वस्तुओं में नहीं होती, अपितु वे दोनों वस्तुएँ भिन्न-भिन्न जाति या समुदाय की होनी चाहिए।
-उन दोनों वस्तुओं में समान गुण की तुलना की जानी चाहिए।
- समानता बताने के लिए so, as, like, so…. as या as … as आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग होना चाहिए।
-जब दोनों वस्तुयें बिल्कुल एक समान हो- जैसे -कहीं पर एक आदमी से दूसरे आदमी की तुलना की गयी हो ,तो वहाँ Simile figure of speech नहीं होगा ,इसे केवल Comparison ही कहा जाएगा। जैसे -He is as good as Ramesh. यहाँ He और Ramesh दोनों व्यक्तियों की तुलना है ,अतः यहाँ Simile न होकर Comparison मात्र है।
Some More Examples Of Simile –
(a) My love is like red rose .
(b) Life is like a dream.
(c) We bear her along like a pearl on a string.
(d) He fought like a lion.
(e) His language is sweet like honey.
(f) It droppeth as the gentle rain from Heaven.
इनके अतिरिक्त कुछ Phrases ऐसे हैं जो बातचीत में बहुत प्रयुक्त होते हैं वे Similes को प्रकट करते हैं ।जैसे-
-As mad as a March Hare.
-Proud as a peacock.
-As bald (गंजा/नीरस) as brass(पीतल).
-As tough(रुखा) as leather.
-As clear as crystal(स्फटिक).
-As good as gold.
-As old as hills.
-As cool as a cucumber.
2. METAPHOR( रूपक/गुप्त उपमा)
Definition:-A Metaphor is an implied Simile. Or
In a Metaphor, two things are compared but the words of comparison are not used.
परिभाषा:-इसमें भी दो भिन्न-भिन्न समुदायों के प्राणी अथवा वस्तुओं में किसी समान गुण की तुलना तो की जाती है, किन्तु तुलना करने के लिए like, so, as ..as यो so…. as शब्दों का प्रयोग नहीं किया जाता है।
Examples :-
(a)The camel is called the ship of the desert.
(b)Friendship is a sheltering tree.
(c)The news was a dagger to his heart.
(d)Udai Singh is the star of the family.
(e)Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.-(f)Life is a dream.
(g)Life is not a bed of roses.
(h)Revenge is a kind of wild justice.
(i)Infancy(बाल्यकाल) is the dawn of life.
Note: (1)ध्यान रखें यदि उपमा (Simile) वाले वाक्यों में से so, as, like जैसे शब्दों को हटा दें तब वह वाक्य रूपक (Metaphor) में बदला जा सकता है तथा so, as, like आदि शब्दों का प्रयोग करके उसे उपमा (Simile) में बदलता जा सकता है; जैसे-1. Life is like a dream. (Simile)Life is a dream. (Metaphor)2. Rana Pratap was a lion in the fight. (Metaphor)Rana Pratap fought like a lion. (Simile)3.Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream.(Simile)Childhood is a swiftly passing dream (Metaphor)
Note :(2) Metaphor का प्रयोग Noun, Adjective या Verb में से किसी भी रूप में हो सकता है।
Noun के रूप में-
1. The camel is the ship of the desert.
2. The fire of passion made him blind.
3. A ray of hope is very valuable in the clouds of despair.
4. My son is the star of our family.
5. Lala Lajpat Rai was the lion of the Punjab.
Adjective के रूप में-
1. It is a golden opportunity for you.
2. My principal has iron courage.
3. It is a lame excuse.
4. A terrorist has a stony heart.
5. In winter the people don’t like piercing wind.
Verb के रूप में
1. The waves thundered on the shore.
2. You are fond of blowing your own trumpet.
3. HYPERBOLE( अतिशयोक्ति )
Definition:-Hyperbole is a Figure of Speech in which things are represented as greater or less ;better or worse than they are not in real.
परिभाषा:-अतिशयोक्ति Hyperbole में एक बात को बहुत बढ़ा या घटाकर कहा जाता है जो वास्तव में नहीं होती है ।
Examples:-
(a)She wept oceans of tears.
(b) Rivers of blood flowed in the battle.
(c) They build a nation’s pillars deep and lift them to the sky.
(d)Ten thousand saw(सूक्ति)l learnt a glance.
(e)They were swifter than eagles and stronger than lions.
(f)The waves rolled mountains high.
4-OXYMORON ( विरोधाभास)
Definition:-Oxymoron is an association of two words or phrases having opposite meaning.
परिभाषा:-विरोधाभास Oxymoron वह अलंकार है जिसमें एक ही वस्तु में दो परस्पर विरोधी गुण एक साथ दिखाए जाते हैं।
.Examples:-
(a)He is regularly irregular in the class.
(b) She is feeling sweet pain.
(c) The more haste, the less speed.
(d)This is an open secret.
(e)Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest thoughts.
(f)James was the wisest fool in Christendom.
(g)He is idly busy nowadays. (h)His honour rooted in dishonour stood.-(i)He is conspicuous (सहज)by his absence.
(j)Life is bitter sweet
(k)She accepted the kind cruelty of the surgeon’s knife.
(l)There was wild grace in his behaviour.
(m)Bitter sweet of love.
(o)He is the wisest fool in his group.
5. PERSONIFICATION (मानवीकरण)
Definition:- In Personification lifeless objects(पदार्थ) and abstract(अमूर्त) ideas are thought of as living beings.
परिभाषा:-जब किसी अदृश्य वस्तु या विचार को व्यक्ति के समान सजीव मान लेते हैं, तब मानवीकरण होता है।
Examples:-
(a) Let not Ambition mock their useful toil.
(b)Experience is the best teacher.
(c) Authority forgets a dying king.
(d)Death lays his icy hands on kings.
(e) Anxiety is sitting on her face.
(f)Opportunity knocks at the door but once.
(g)I am the Daughter of Earth and Water.-(h)The moon veiled her face.
(i)A lie has no legs..
6. APOSTROPHE ( सम्बोधन)
Definition:-In Apostrophe, we address a dead person or some lifeless thing or an abstract idea as a living person.
परिभाषा:-जब किसी निर्जीव वस्तु या अमूर्त विचार को संबोधित किया जाय तब सम्बोधन अलंकार Apostrophe होता हैं। Apostrophe के Sentence में O,Oh का प्रयोग अक्सर होता है। इनके बाद में प्रायः संबोधन का चिन्ह (!) लगा होता है ।जिसे अंग्रेजी में Note of Exclamation या Mark of Exclamation कहते है ।कभी कभी comma(,) का प्रयोग भी होता है।
Examples:-
(a) Frailty! Thy name is woman.
(b) Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean ………… Roll !
(c) O Luxury! Thou ………… by heaven’s decree.
(d) O Grave! Where is thy victory.
(e) O Wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being.
(f)O Death! Where is thy sting ?
(g)O Liberty! What crimes have been committed in thy name ?
(h)Milton! Thou should’st be living at this hour.
(i)O Solitude! where are thy charms?”
(j)O sweet content ! where is thy mild abode.-
Note: Personification और Apostrophe में केवल इतना भेद है कि Personification में निर्जीव वस्तुओं तथा विचारों को जीवित मान लिया जाता है और वे जीवित के से कार्य भी करते हैं, जबकि Apostrophe में मृत व्यक्ति, वस्तुओं या विचारों को जीवित के समान सम्बोधन करते हैं।
7-ONOMATOPOEIA(ध्वन्यात्मक अलंकार )
Definition:-Onomatopoeia is a Figure of Speech in which the sound suggests the sense or meaning.
परिभाषा:-ध्वन्यात्मकअलंकार(ONOMATOPOEIA)
में प्रयुक्त शब्दों की ध्वनि से भाव या अर्थ का संकेत मिलता है।
Example:-
(a)I babble on the pebbles.
(b)Grunt,grunt the hog goes.
(c)Swords clanged and guns boomed.
(d)The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.
(e)The cats mew.
(f)The snakes are hissing and the bees are buzzing.
(g)The door opened with a bang.
Note(1):- इस अलंकार में शब्द की ध्वनि से ही अर्थ स्पष्ट हो जाता है। प्रायः जानवरों, पक्षियों या कुछ प्राकृतिक वस्तुओं की ध्वनि के लिए अलग शब्दों का प्रयोग होता है जिनसे यह स्पष्ट हो जाता है कि यह ध्वनि किसकी है; जैसे-1. I hear the humming of bees. (भिनभिनाहट)2. The snakes hiss. (फुंकार मरना )3. Urgent drum beat of destiny calls.4. Get thee on boughs and clap thy wings.5. I chatter, chatter as I flow. (Tennyson)6. I heard the water lapping on the crag.7. Cooing of doves is very pleasant.8. A murmuring whisper through the nunnery ran.
Note(2): इस अलंकार को पहचानने के लिए Animals तथा Birds की आवाजों (Cries) का ज्ञान सहायक होगा क्योंकि उससे Animal या Bird की जानकारी हो जाती है; जैसे-1. Cattle low.2. Elephant trumpets.3. A peacock screams.4. A horse neighs.5. A sheep bleats.
Figure of Speech याद करने की विधि
1-Simile में as,like,so आदि में से एक अवश्य लगा होता है।
2-Metaphor में so,like, asआदि के बिना तुलना होती है।अगर इनका प्रयोग कर दिया जाए तो Metaphor Simile में परिवर्तित हो जाएगा। जैसे-The world is a stage.(Metaphor).The world is like a stage.(Simile)
3- HYPERBOILE ( अतिशयोक्ति )इस अलंकार में किसी व्यक्ति या वस्तु के गुणों को आवश्यकता से अधिक बढ़ाकर या घटाकर वर्णन किया जाता है; जैसे-Belinda smiled and all the world was gay.अर्थात् जब Belinda मुस्कराई तब पूरा संसार प्रसन्न हो गया। इससे स्पष्ट है कि Belinda के मुस्कराने से काफी लोग प्रसन्न हुए होंगे, किन्तु इस बात को इतना बढ़ा दिया गया कि पूरा संसार प्रसन्न हो गया।
4- Oxymoron में दो विरोधी शब्द(opposite words)साथ साथ रखे जाते हैं। जैसे –Honest Thief(ईमानदार चोर )Cruelly kind husband(बेरहम दयावान पति )
5-Personification में बेजान चीज़ों को जानदार (सजीव)मान लिया जाता है।
6-Apostrophe में O,Oh एवं संबोधन का चिह्न (!) का प्रयोग होता है जबकि Personification में ये नहीं होते हैं।
7. ONOMATOPOEIA( ध्वनि अलंकार)इसमें शब्द की ध्वनि से ही अर्थ स्पष्ट हो जाता है। प्रायः जानवरों, पक्षियों या कुछ प्राकृतिक वस्तुओं की ध्वनि के लिए अलग शब्दों का प्रयोग होता है जिनसे यह स्पष्ट हो जाता है कि यह ध्वनि किसकी है।जैसे-
1. I hear the humming of bees. (भिनभिनाहट)
2. A peacock screams.
3-A horse neighs.
4- A sheep bleats.1
8- Alliteration
Alliteration is the repeating of consonant sounds right next to each other, which creates a memorable or melodic effect.
Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.
9- Paradox
A paradox is a statement that appears to contradict itself but contains some truth, theme, or humor.
Example: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” —George Orwell, Animal Farm
10- Pun
A pun is a form of wordplay that purposely substitutes words that sound similar but have different meanings.
Example: “‘Mine is a long and a sad tale!’ said the Mouse, turning to Alice and sighing. ‘It is a long tail, certainly,’ said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse’s tail; ‘but why do you call it sad?’” —Lewis Carroll, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
EXERCISE -1
Pick out the Figures of Speech in the following sentences:
1. I could lie down like a tired child,And weep away the life of care.2. The war of Love against folly and wrong.3. He sneezed and cloud would break.4. The news is dagger to my heart.5. That in black ink my love may still shine bright.6. O Wild West Wind, thou breath of Autumn’s being.7. Whose conscience is his strong retreat.8. O Grave! Where is thy victory.9. Life is but a walking shadow.10. Great lord of all things yet a prey to all.11. She wept oceans of tears.12. Hope is the poor man’s bread.13. This is an open secret.14. He is the moon of the family.15. Errors like straws upon the surface flow.16. Ethereal minstrel! pilgrim of the sky!17. Life is like a dream.18. The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.The lowing herd winds slowly over the lea.19. As shines the moon in clouded skies,She in her poor attire was seen.20. Rivers of blood flowed in the battle field.21. A murmuring whisper through the nunnery ran.22. Revenge is a kind of wild justice.23. But such a Tide as moving seems asleep.24. The quality of mercy is not stained,It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven.25. O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done.
(Answers :EXERCISE -1)
1. Simile,2. Personification,3. Hyperbole,4. Metaphor,5. Oxymoron,6. Apostrophe,7. Metaphor,8. Apostrophe,9. Metaphor,10. Oxymoron,11. Hyperbole,12. Metaphor,13. Oxymoron,14. Metaphor,15. Simile,16. Apostrophe,17. Simile,18. Onomatopoeia,19. Simile20. Hyperbole,21. Onomatopoeia,22. Metaphor,23. Oxymoron,24. Simile,25. Apostrophe.
EXERCISE - 2
Point out the Figures of Speech in the following sentences:
1. A load of learning lumbering in his head.
2. A pleasing pain is love.
3. A fleet of planes whirred above our heads.
4. Cowardly brave ! Yes, that describes him, because he fights only when he cannot
run away.
5. Cowards die many times before their death.
6. For death had illuminated the land of sleep,
And his lifeless body lay.
7. Frailty ! Thy name is woman.
8. Grunt, grunt, goes the hog.
9. He is a man of iron will.
10. He saw within the moonlight in his room,
An angel-like a lily in bloom.
11. Hitler’s mad policy let loose the dogs of war.
12. He sneezed and cloud would break.
13. His words pierced like an arrow.
14. He got a golden opportunity to pass the examination.
15. In the sunset of his days, Sir Winston Churchill was a pathetic figure. Or He is now in the sunset of his days.
16. I see a lily on thy brows.
17. I heard the rippling of water.
18. I heard buzzing of bees.
19. I am the daughter of earth and water.
20. King James I was known as the wisest fool in Christendom.
(Answers :EXERCISE - 2)
1. Hyperbole,2. Oxymoron,3. Onomatopoeia,4. Apostrophe,5. Hyperbole6. personification,7. Apostrophe,8. Onomatopoeia,9. Metaphor,10. Simile,11. Personification,12. Hyperbole,13. Simile,14. Metaphor,15. Metaphor,16. Metaphor,17. Onomatopoeia,18. Onomatopoeia,19. Metaphor,20. Oxymoron
EXERCISE - 3
Point out the Figures of Speech in the following sentences:
1. O.Solitude ! Where are thy charms.2. Revenge is a kind of wild justice.3. Rome, thou hast seen much better days.4. The sea (waves) rose mountains high.5. Truth sits upon the lips of a dying man.6. The man in the cave had the strength of a thousand elephants.7. That cowardly fellow had the heart of chickens.8. Errors like straw upon the surface flow.9. There is dagger in thy words.10. The chair collapsed under the weight of mountainous philosopher.11. The Himalayas wear frowning look which threatens a storm.12. The sky shrunk upward with unusual dread.And trembling Jamuna dived beneath its bed.13. There rolls the sea where grew the tree.O Earth, what changes hast thou seen.14. That in black ink my love may still shine bright.15. The murmuring of innumerable bees.16. The glorious lamp of heaven, the sun.17. The whispering waves were half asleep.The clouds were gone to play.18. The river glideth at its own sweet will.19. Thus idly busy rolls their world away.20. The moon veiled her face.
(Answers :EXERCISE - 3)
1. Apostrophe,2. Oxymoron,3. Apostrophe,4. Hyperbole,5. Personification6. Hyperbole,7. Metaphor,8. Simile,9. Metaphor,10. Hyperbole,11. Personification,12. Hyperbole,13. Apostrophe,14. Oxymoron,15. Onomatopoeia,16. Metaphor,17. Personification,18. Personification,19. Oxymoron,20. Personification.
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